Science+Fair+Lit+Review+JJ

=**Review of Literature:**=

In order to make some foods yellow, the Ancient Roman used various spices and saffron. Some fruits and vegetables that you

might eat were also used to give food color. Some things our past relatives used to also put color in food could be poisonous if it

was not used correctly. (Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge.)

Food coloring is found in foods that you might eat everyday. Some foods that contain food dye are meats, candy, drinks, gum,

yogurts, pudding, fruits, popsicles, chips, and sauces. The FDA’s three most popular permitted Blue #1, Yellow #5, and Red #40.

Food dye isn't just used in foods. Dye is also in other things that you use every day. For instance, toothpaste. Toothpaste doesn't

just have blue, and, red coloring on its own, it gets it from dye. Other non-food related items that contain dye are soap, shampoo,

and vitamins. (Hennessey, Rachel.)

Safety has been a problem with dye for a while. Adversaries claim that the dyes are toxic and could be a contributing factor of

ADHD. The FDA still has seven food coloring dyes on their approval list. Because we use a lot of personal care products that have

dyes in them, if you experience skin irritation it can be hard to determine what caused it, due to all the dyes you take in. (Hennessey, Rachel.)

Food dyes used by consumers and companies were made from natural ingredients for hundreds of years. Much of the unnatural

colors contained toxins like copper, mercury, and arsenic. Around the 20th century, scientists started to replace the toxins with

synthetic colors, specifically from coal tar. Unfortunately, these synthetic colors had their own set of issues. (Hennessey, Rachel.)

The Pure Food and Drugs Act put out the first rules for food coloring in the United States. The law banned artificial colors that were

discovered harmful to our health. The government hired Dr.Bernard Hesse, a chemist to figure out which food dyes were safe and

which weren't. So many dyes were harmful to our health that by 1938 only 15 dyes out of 80 still remained safe. The 15 colors that

were still safe were divided into three different groups. There were dyes that could be used for foods, cosmetics, and drugs; dyes

that could only be used for cosmetics and drugs; and lastly dyes that could only be used for cosmetics. (Hennessey, Rachel.)

To this day only seven colors are left on the FDA’s list that is safe to use. About every ten years a new issue occurs and results in

getting one or more of the food coloring dyes off the FDA’s safe list. (Hennessey, Rachel.)

Due to a study in 2007 at the University of Southampton, the six dyes that E.U. has warning labels on them has become known as

the “Southampton Six”. These six are related to hyperactivity in kids and have warning labels on them in the E.U. The FDA doesn't

think having warning labels on the dyes are necessary. (Hennessey, Rachel.)

Even though the FDA hasn’t taken the seven remaining dyes off the approval list, some companies have started using natural color

instead of dye. If you have seen any package that said no artificial flavors or dyes that’s because they use natural things to get

color, not dyes. Having products with natural and unnatural dyes give people the choice. If they think dyes are harmful then they’ll

probably try to buy products with no artificial coloring or flavoring. (Hennessey, Rachel.)

Cotton was an important element while developing our nation. Before the Europeans settled in America, cotton was grown in Asia

and in the New World. English colonists used cotton to make homespun clothing. When the American Revolution cut off supplies of

European cloth the manufacturing of cotton grew. The actual rising production of cloth came from the want for raw cotton from the

British textile industry. This forced the improvement of a delicate cotton gin as a device for taking out seeds from cotton fibers in

1793. The opening of western lands and the development of good strains from Mexican cotton further expanded production. In

1791 manufacturing went up from 2 million pounds to a billion pounds in 1860. (Chaplin, Joyce E.)

In 1815-1860 Cotton included more than half the full value of domestic exports. Cotton compensated for 60% of all imports. About

the time cotton mills admitted their there was a dilemma among white Americans, cotton fields indicated the racial unfairness in

black slavery. The relationship on how cotton relates to slavery is very complicated. In the 1790's slavery in Upper South was not

dismissing. Cotton was then not the reason slavery was kept where it already had continued. Although cotton was not responsible

for keeping slavery, it was responsible for enduring expansion of the institution westward. Whites' welcomed black slavery, but they

wanted to evict southern Indians from cotton lands. (Chaplin, Joyce E.)

By the 1830's there was stress between the North and the South. Cotton and slaves was the main reason for the stress. It didn't

matter if there were slaves or no slaves, growing cotton was still possible. In fact three quarters of southern whites didn't have any

slaves. Most of the cotton grown in the south was grown by free workers. Southern whites thought slavery helped increase

production. They took slaves wherever they thought their production of cotton could be increased. Plus, Southern whites supposed

that having slaves was their right. The northern whites thought different and instead of keeping their slaves, they wanted to

decrease the number of people having them. (Chaplin, Joyce E.)

Once the Civil War was over, cotton contributed to advanced debates over the role of the federal government in economic affairs.

Once the attention in the American economy was rejected, cotton production enlarged after 1865. Because of independence

southern landowners designed different forms of enslavement. The violent institutions restrained the less fortunate whites and

recently released blacks. The low prices for cotton relates to the South's postwar stagnation. (Chaplin, Joyce E.)

The federal supervision of agriculture tried to control cotton production by giving the land owners an incentive. That way less cotton

would be produced and the government would benefit by making more money. People on the Right didn't like the fact of that the

government was intervening and making more money from the high cotton prices, and those on the Left felt that the landowners

didn’t benefit at all from this program. Southern landowners cut down their cotton fields by 30 to 50 percent. There ended up being

no parallel drop in land ownership, and it’s believed that Federal intervention possibly lowered conditions for these tenants and

sharecroppers. (Chaplin, Joyce E.)

Cotton cultivations moved further west into states like Texas and California, after the 1930's. This started a movement toward

"agribusiness". As cotton mills closed and reopened in the South, farmers left farming for the textile industry. (Chaplin, Joyce E.)

Cotton can be combined with other fabrics. There are also different types of Cotton. For instance, there's cotton voile, cotton lawn,

cotton satin and polyester cotton. You'll probably find Cotton voile used to make dress or blouses. (Santana, Lena, and Kristin Perers.)

Cotton should be cared for in a certain way. Cotton, like polyester should be machine washed. If cotton needs to be ironed, it needs

to be done while it’s damp. (Brower, Daryl.)

The first fiber produced was Rayon. Rayon was made from cotton pulp or wood and at first was known as artificial silk. The first

natural artificial silk was invented by, Georges Audemars around 1855. ("Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers.")

Hilaire de Charbonnet, Comte de Chardonnay was a French chemist. In 1884 he possessed an artificial silk that was known as

Chardonnay silk. The fabric was removed from retail because it was burnable. Clayton Beadle, Charles Cross, and Edward Bevan

possessed a secure method of making artificial silk that later became known as viscose rayon. In 1924 the phrase "rayon" was first

used. ("Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers.")

Rayon should be dry cleaned or washed on gentle. (Brower, Daryl.)

Polyurethane was created by Donald Holmes and William Hanford in 1942. Polyurethane is the support of an odd type of

elastomeric fiber commonly known as spandex. The fiber is unnatural and is able to stretch at least 100% and snap back like usual

rubber. It substituted the rubber used in women's underwear. Spandex advanced from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.

and was invented in the late 1950’s. ( "Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers.")

Spandex should be either washed or dry cleaned. If you want to iron spandex, then you should do it on low temperature. ( Brower, Daryl.)

Synthetic fabrics have many good things about them. They are not expensive; they're durable, and resistant to elements that can

have stretch, luster, and weight. One of the most popular fabrics is polyester. ("Polyester Fabric.")

One thing about polyester is that's it’s so durable that you can machine wash it multiple times. Polyester is also soft enough to use

for costumes. Polyester is a fabric that can be used in many different clothes. Athletic wear, uniforms, swimwear, and regular

clothes are all clothes in which polyester can be used. Polyester is soft, yet durable. ("Polyester Fabric.")

Polyester cloth was created in 1941 by two British scientists - John Whinfield and James Dickson. The United States Company

DuPont, in 1945, purchased the right to make polyester. A factory in Delaware was starting to make polyester by 1950. (Carr, Karen)

Polyester is made out of oil. First you take the oil and break it down into two smaller molecules. The two smaller molecules are

made of hydrogen atoms, carbon, and oxygen. The two smaller molecules, Ethylene glycol, is a type of alcohol, and dimethyl

terephthalate, is an ester. Molecules that have negative and positive charges are made by combining alcohol and ester together.

The charges push the molecules to line up so that they can hold as long fibers. (Carr, Karen)

After the material comes out of the machine, you cut the material up into little pieces and let them harden. Once the pieces have

hardened you will melt them once more. Then, push the gunk out through the holes to create narrow ribbons, and then wind the

narrow ribbons over spools. Next, heat the ribbons and expand them out to approximately five times their authentic length. That will

make them skinny enough to use as thread. (Carr, Karen)

Polyester hasn’t been expensive since the 1960's. Approximately half of the world's clothing is made of polyester. As time passes

by the amount of oil we have will run out. As the oil gets low polyester clothing will get more expensive. (Carr, Karen)

The first polyester fiber was Terylene. Terylene was invented by Dickson and Shinfield along with Ritchiethey and Birtwhistle. ("History of Polyester.")

DuPont bought all legal rights from ICI in 1946. They manufactured Dacron in 1950. Dacron became a type of polyester fiber. In

1952 another type of polyester fabric, Mylar, was introduced. America didn't know about polyester until 1951. Polyester was known

as the fabric that you didn't have to iron. ("History of Polyester.")

Following the improvement of Terylene and Dacron, Kodel was advanced by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. in 1958. Textile

mills started popping up everywhere. The polyester industry grew quickly until the 1970's. Polyester went to being known as good

to bad. Polyester is known as uncomfortable for sensitive human skin to wear. The big giver to the claim of polyester is the

encounter of microfibers. If you have ever felt polyester and it feels like silk that is due to microfibers. ("History of Polyester.")

Polyester is a fabric that should be machine washed, and ironed if necessary. Today much of polyester is coming from recycled

soft-drink bottles. Due to where polyester is now coming from, petroleum is being cut down and solid waste to landfills is

decreasing. (Brower, Daryl.)

Bibliography:

Website sources:

Brower, Daryl. "Fiber Care Chart." Simplicity Fabric Guide: The Ultimate Fiber Resource. New York: Simplicity Creative Group, 2011. 142. Print.


 * The information in this book is the same on other websites

Carr, Karen. "Kidipede: History for Kids." History of Polyester. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. .


 * the author is a PhD

Chaplin, Joyce E. "Cotton." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. .


 * it's the history channel

"Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers." Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. .


 * the person who wrote this has been writing about inventors since 1997

Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. "Food Coloring History." About.com Home Cooking. About.com, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. .


 * the author is a writer and a food service industry professional

Hennessey, Rachel. "Living in Color: The Potential Dangers of Artificial Dyes." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 27 Aug. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelhennessey/2012/08/27/living-in-color-the-potential-dangers-of-artificial-dyes/.


 * author graduated from Scripps College in 2013 as an American Studies major and Fine Arts minor. Her journalism background includes a product development internship at Forbes, an editorial internship at Architizer and a social media internship

"History of Polyester." What Is Polyester? N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. .


 * the information on this site is the same on others

"Polyester Fabric." S : Synthetic Fabrics, Spandex. Nyfashioncenter, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. .


 * the people who wrote it are textile experts

Santana, Lena, and Kristin Perers. "About Fabrics." One Piece of Fabric: 15 Projects to Make. London: Collins & Brown, 2010. 8-9. Print.


 * this is a book about fabrics written by someone who has a lot of fashion experience