Science+Fair+VL

=** Science Fair Project **=


 * Question:** How far from the flame of a candle should an object be without the worry of it catching on fire?


 * Purpose:** To determine the safest distance from the flame of a candle.


 * Hypothesis:** If an object is 2 from the flame of a candle, then it will burn faster than 3-10 inches from the frame.


 * Materials:**
 * 12 candles
 * one wooden board
 * two PVC pipes 1.5" diameter
 * one metal stick
 * one metal clip
 * one ruler
 * t-shirt material (100% cotton)
 * hair


 * Notes:**

[] This is a website from the National Candle Association, or the NCA. It acts as a spokesperson for the candle industry.
 * Source 1:**
 * You should trim candle wicks to 1/4 of an inch before you use them as a crooked wick may cause uneven burning and/or dripping
 * The NCA says that you should never keep anything under or near a candle

[] Anthony Hamins is Chief of the Fire Research Division, and Matthew F. Bundy is the director of the Fire Research Division.
 * Source 2:**

[] They are a candle-making company in Illinois. Because they make candles, they know what they are talking about
 * Source 3:**
 * Candles should be 3" from each other
 * Heat rises
 * Most house fires with candles are started in the bedroom

[] They are a fabric company in which they make wallpaper and fabrics flame resistant.
 * Source 4:**
 * Untreated fabrics like cotton, linen, and silk burn more easily than wool
 * Wool burns with a low flame velocity
 * Heavy, tight weave fabrics will burn slower than loose weave, light fabrics of the same material
 * Synthetic fabric, such as nylon, acrylic or polyester resist ignition, but it will melt
 * Silk may have the worst burning rate, which may be increased with dyes and other additives for colors
 * Linen and cotton also have a high burning rate

[] By teachers for teachers. Nigel Skelton is a real teacher at Tennant Creek High School.
 * Source 5: **
 * Hair is made of Keratin
 * Keratin is a protein made with hair follicles
 * Keratin is mad of 51% carbon, 21% oxygen, 17% nitrogen, 6% hydrogen, and 5% sulfur.
 * When a decent amount of heat is applied, the the chemical bonds break
 * the carbon combines with oxygen and makes CO2
 * The oxygen in the hair assists the burning, and the nitrogen gets converted to Nitrogen oxides
 * The sulfur combines with oxygen to make sulfur dioxide
 * the sulfur compounds mostly make the smell of burning hair.

[] Donald Glass is an M.D. and has a Ph.D. from Baylor College of Medicine.
 * Source 6:**
 * Gas floats and meets oxygen on outside
 * that creates flame
 * unburnt sooty fuel- smoke

Interview- Eric Rupert
 * Source 7: **

Source 8: [] Subsidiary of Discovery Communications and was founded by Professor Marshall Brain.
 * hottest part of a flame is generally blue part
 * flame goes upward because hotter than surrounding air

[]
 * Safety Procedures Source:**

=**Works Cited**=

"Candle Safety Info, Burn Candles Safely, Candle Burning Tips." // Candle Safety Info, Burn Candles Safely, Candle Burning Tips //. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <[]>.
 * They are a candle-making company in Illinois. Because they make candles, they know what they are talking about.

"Candle Safety Rules." //National Candle Association: Fire Safety -//. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <[]>. "Flammability of Fabrics - Resist Flame Finishing." //Flammability of Fabrics - Resist Flame Finishing//. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. [|].
 * This is a website from the National Candle Association, or the NCA. It acts as a spokesperson for the candle industry.
 * They are a fabric company in which they specialize in making wallpaper and fabrics flame resistant.

"Hair and Flammability." // Hair and Flammability //. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. [|].
 * It is a website made by teachers for teachers who know the information. Nigel Skelton is a real teacher at Tennant Creek High School.

Hamins, Anthony, and Matthew Bundy. "Characterization of Candle Flames." N.p., 2005. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <[]>.
 * Anthony Hamins is Chief of the Fire Research Division, and Matthew F. Bundy is the director of the Fire Research Division.

"How Fire Works." // HowStuffWorks //. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. <[]>.
 * Subsidiary of Discovery Communications and was founded by Professor Marshall Brain.

"The Anatomy of a Flame." // A Moment of Science RSS //. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. <[]>.
 * Donald Glass is an M.D. and has a Ph.D. from Baylor College of Medicine.

"The Science of Candles." // National Candle Association: About Candles //. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <[]>.
 * Made for the purpose of safety with flames by the National Candle Association, a respectable association.