Science+Fair+JJ


 * Food Coloring Dye History**

Ancient Romans used saffron and other spices to make a yellow food coloring that they could use in various foods. They also used mulberries, carrots, parsley, grapes, spinach, beets, flowers, and pomegranates to make color. Fruits and vegetables weren't al the things they used to make dye though. Minerals and ores like azure, silver leaf, gold leaf, and others that if you didn't you them properly would be poisonous.

(1)Website: http://homecooking.about.com/od/foodhistory/a/foodcolorhistry.htm I know this is a valid source because the author is a writer and a food service industry professional. I also truncated this website and it took me to the same website.

(6) Food coloring is found in foods that you might eat everyday. Some foods that contain food dye are, meats, candy, drink, gum, yogurts, pudding, fruits, popsicles, chips, and sauces. FDA has permitted dyes like Blue #1, Yellow #5, and Red #40. Food dye isn't just used in foods. Dye is also in other things that you use everyday. For instance, toothpaste. Toothpaste doesn't just have blue, and, red coloring on it's own, it gets it from dye. Other non food related items that contain dye are soap, shampoo, and vitamins.

Safety has been a problem with dye for a while. Adversaries claim that the dyes are toxic and could be a contributing factor of ADHD. The FDA still has seven food coloring dyes on their approval list. Because we use a lot of personal care products that have dyes in them, if you experience skin irritation it can be hard to determine what caused it due to all the dyes you take in.

Food dyes used by consumers and companies were made from natural ingredients for hundreds of years. Much of the unnatural colors contained toxins like copper, mercury, and arsenic. Around the 20th century, scientists started to replace the toxins with synthetic colors, specifically from coal tar. Unfortunately, these synthetic colors had their own set of issues.

The Pure Food and Drugs Act put out the first rules for food coloring in the United States. The law banned artificial colors that were discovered harmful to our health. The government hired Dr.Bernard Hesse, a chemist to figure out which food dyes were safe and which weren’t. So many dyes were harmful to our health that by 1938 only 15 dyes out of 80 still remained safe. The 15 colors that were still safe were divided into three different groups. There was dyes that could be used for foods, cosmetics, and drugs; dyes that could be used for cosmetics and drugs; and lastly dyes that could only be used for cosmetics.

To this day only seven colors are left on the FDA’s list that are safe to use. About every ten years a new issue occurs and results in getting one of more of the food coloring dyes off the safe list.

Due to a study in 2007 at the University of Southampton, the six dyes that E.U. has warning labels on them has become known as the “Southampton Six”. These six are related to hyperactivity in kids and have warning labels on them in E.U. The FDA doesn’t think having warning labels on the dyes are necessary.

Even though the FDA hasn’t taken the seven remaining dyes off the approval list, some companies have started using natural color instead of dye. If you have seen any package that said no artificial flavors or dyes that’s because they use natural things to get color, not dyes. Having products with natural and unnatural dyes give people the choice. If they think dyes are harmful then they’ll probably try to buy products with no artificial coloring or flavoring.


 * Fabric History:**


 * Cotton:**

Cotton was an important element while developing our nation. Before the Europeans settled in America cotton was grown in Asia and the New World. English colonists used cotton to make handspun clothing. When the American Revolution cut off supplies of European cloth the manufacturing of cotton grew. The actual rising production of cloth came from the want for raw cotton from the British textile industry. This forced the improvement of an delicate cotton gin as a device for taking out seed from cotton fibers in 1793. The opening of western lands and the development of good strains from Mexican cotton further expanded production. In 1791 manufacturing went up from 2 million pounds to a billion pounds in 1860.

In 1815-1860 Cotton included more than the full value of domestic exports. Cotton compensated for 60% of all imports. About the time cotton mills admitted their there was a dilemma among white Americans, cotton fields indicated the racial unfairness in black slavery. The relationship on how cotton relates to slavery is very complicated. In the 1790's slavery in Upper South was not dismissing. Cotton was then not the reason slavery was kept where it already had continued. Although cotton was not responsible for keeping slavery, it was responsible for enduring expansion of the institution westward. Whites' welcomed black slavery, but they wanted to evict southern Indians from cotton lands.

By the 1930's there was stress between the North and the South. Cotton and slaves was a main influence for the stress. It didn't matter if there were slaves or no slaves, growing cotton was still possible. In fact three quarters of southern whites didn't have any slaves. Most of the cotton grown in the south was grown by free workers. Southern whites thought slavery helped increase production. They took slaves wherever they thought their production of cotton could be increased. Plus. Southern whites supposed that having slaves was their right. The northern whites thought different and instead of keeping their slaves, they wanted to decrease people having them.

Once the Civil War was over, cotton contributed to advanced debates over the role of the federal government in economic affairs. Once the attention in the American economy was rejected, cotton production enlarged after 1865. Because of independence southern landowners designed different forms of enslavement.. The violent institutions restrained the less fortunate whites and released blacks. The low prices for cotton relates to the South's postwar stagnation

Cotton was a had a huge impact on the economy. Over time Cotton areas have moved further west. In 1793, since the British textile industry wanted raw cotton a product called, a gin was made to remove seeds from cotton fibers. Cotton's early national cot was in Georgia and South Carolina to the Alabama and Mississippi. In the early 1800s cotton manufacturing moved south and west. In 1860 cotton production was up to a billion pounds. During that time over 60% of the world's cotton was from the U.S.

The Great Depression provoked the South's constant poverty. The planned cure—federal supervision of agriculture—set off controversy. Federal intervention had begun with the establishment of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It's Extension Service attacked the dilemma of the boll weevil with federal funds and agents. After Franklin D. Roosevelt made the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and its rural unit, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the intervention proceeded with the New Deal. The aaa devised financial reasons to landholders for decreasing cotton manufacturing, expecting to raise the cost of cotton. Judges on the Right didn't like the fact of its nosy inference with retail. The judges on the left however indicated that the needy residents and growers increased not much from the program. Southern landowners cut down their cotton fields by 30 to 50 percent. There ended up being no parallel drop in tenantry— the most outrageous indication of rural poverty. Federal policy, possibly lowered conditions for tenants and sharecroppers.

Cotton cultivations moved further west into Texas and California, after the 1930's. This started a movement toward "agribusiness". Many rural farmers left farming for the textile industry. They left because the cotton mills were closing in the Northeast and were reopening in the South. Cotton's donation to the domestic textile industry depleted because increased admission of foreign textiles and increased use of manufactured fibers.

Cotton can be mixed with other fabrics. Cotton voile lightweight and soft. Cotton voile is often used for dresses and blouses. Cotton lawn is smooth and also lightweight.

(2)Website: [] I know this a valid source because it's the history channel, and I have truncated the website and it goes to the same website.

 **Rayon:** The first fiber produced was Rayon. Rayon was made from cotton pulp or wood and at first was known as artificial silk. The first natural artificial silk was invented by, Georges Audemars around 1855. He created the artificial silk by dipping a needle into liquid mulberry bark pulp and gummy rubber to produce thread. The technique was not fast enough to be possible. Hilaire de Charbonnet, Comte de Chardonnay was a French chemist. In 1884 he possessed an artificial silk that was a cellulose-based fabric that was known as Chardonnay silk. The fabric was removed from retail because it was burnable. Clayton Beadle, Charles Cross, and Edward Bevan possessed a secure method of making artificial silk that later became known as viscose rayon. In 1924 the phrase "rayon" was first used.

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 Synthetic fabrics have many good things about them. They are not expensive, they're durable, and resistant to elements that can have stretch, luster, and weight. One of the most popular synthetic fabrics is polyester and nylon fabrics. One thing about polyester is that's its so durable that you can machine wash it multiple times. Polyester is also soft enough to use for costumes. Polyester is a fabric that can be used in many different clothes. Athletic wear, uniforms, swimwear, and regular clothes are all clothes in which polyester can be used. Polyester is normally blended with other yarn to make uniform fabrics and professional wear. Polyester is soft, yet durable.
 * Polyester: **

Polyester cloth was created in 1941 by two British scientists - John Whinfield and James Dickson. The United States company DuPont, in 1945, purchased the right to make polyester. A factory in Delaware was starting to making polyester by 1950.  Polyester is made out of oil. The oil is a hydrocarbon molecule. First you take the oil and break it down into two smaller molecules, ethylene and dimethyl naphthalate. Ethylene and dimethyl naphthalate are made of hydrogen atoms, carbon, and oxygen. Ethylene glycol is a type of alcohol, and dimethyl terephthalate is an ester. Molecules with both negative and positive charges are made by combining alcohol and ester together. The charges push the molecules to line up in groups of crystals that grip together as long fibers.  After the material comes out of the machine in lengthy ribbons, you cut the ribbons up into little pieces and let them harden. Once the chips have hardened you will melt them once more. Then push the gunk out through the tiny holes to create narrow ribbons, and then wind the narrow ribbons over spools. Next heat the narrow ribbons and expand them out to approximately five times their authentic length. That will make them skinny enough to use as thread.

Polyester has been the least expensive cloth since the 1960's. Approximately half of the world's clothing is made of polyester. As time passes by the amount of oil we have will run out. As the oil runs out polyester clothing will get more expensive.  The first polyester fiber was Terylene. Terylene was invented by Dickson and Shinfield along with Ritchiethey and Birtwhistle. Imperial Chemical Industries first manufactures Terylene. DuPont bought all legal rights from ICI in 1946. They manufactured Dacron in 1950 Dacron became a type of polyester fiber. In 1952 Mylar was introduced. America didn't know about polyester until 1951. Polyester was known as the fabric that you didn't have to iron. Following the improvement of Terylene and Dacron, Kodel was advanced by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc in 1958. Textile mills started popping up everywhere. The polyester industry grew quickly until the 1970's. Polyester went to being known as good to bad. Polyester is known as uncomfortable for sensitive human skin to wear. The big giver to the claim of polyester is the encounter of microfibers. If you have ever felt polyester and it feels like silk that is due to microfibers. Polyester is very strong; this helps it not to crease. When polyester is torn it can make static electricity. . The rate of dyeing of a poly (ethylene terephthalate) has been characterized as a function (a) of the tension applied before heat setting, (b) of the shrinkage allowed during heat setting, and (c) of the tension applied before dyeing. Very small variations in applied tension lead to very significant differences in rate of dyeing. Furthermore, in order to correlate the dyeing results with changes in the fibre, the structure of the polyfethylene terephthalate fibre was determined as a function of the tension applied before either heat setting or dyeing. The structural parameters studied were crystallinity, crystalline orientation, birefringence, amorphous orientation factor and water swelling at 130d̀C. The variations in dyeing kinetics may be due to changes of amorphous orientation on the one hand and to changes in tortuosity, size and volume of pores on the other.

rewriting paragraph above: the rate of......; How polyester absorbs dye depends on what happens to the polyester before it’s absorbed. The heat can even affect how the polyester absorbs the dye.

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Wikipedia notes:

Polyester fabrics serve different advantages over ordinary fabrics. For instance, upgraded wrinkle persistence, and high color retention.

Polyurethane was created by Donald Holmes and William Hanford in 1942. Polyurethane is the support of an odd type of elastomeric fiber commonly known as spandex. The fiber is unnatural and is able to stretch at least 100% and snap back like usual rubber. It substituted the rubber used in women's underwear. Spandex advanced from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. and was invented in the late 1950s. Spandex had wool, denim, wool, and microfiber.
 * Spandex:**

[|http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfabric.htm#swiss]

Health Risks form chemical Many chemicals are found naturally on the earth. Some chemicals are toxic to humans.

=**Works Cited**= Website sources:

Betzina, Sandra. "Stretch Wovens." //More Fabric Savvy: A Quick Resource Guide to Selecting and Sewing Fabric//. Newtown, CT: Taunton, 2004. 148. Print.
 * this is a book and the author did research

Carr, Karen. "Kidipede: History for Kids." //History of Polyester//. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. .
 * the author is a PhD

Chaplin, Joyce E. "Cotton." // History.com //. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/cotton>.
 * it's the history channel

"Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers." //Fabrics - The History of Fabrics and Different Fibers//. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfabric.htm>.
 * the person who wrote this has been writing about inventors since 1997

Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. "Food Coloring History." // About.com Home Cooking //. About.com, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. <http://homecooking.about.com/od/foodhistory/a/foodcolorhistry.htm>.
 * the author is a writer and a food service industry professional

Hennessey, Rachel. "Living in Color: The Potential Dangers of Artificial Dyes." // Forbes //. Forbes Magazine, 27 Aug. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. [].
 * author graduated from Scripps College in 2013 as an American Studies major and Fine Arts minor. Her journalism background includes a product development internship at Forbes, an editorial internship at Architizer and a social media internship

"History of Polyester." //What Is Polyester?// N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://www.whatispolyester.com/history.html>.
 * the information on this site is the same on others

"Polyester Fabric." // S : Synthetic Fabrics, Spandex //. Nyfashioncenter, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://www.nyfashioncenterfabrics.com/polyester-fabrics.html>.
 * the people who wrote it are textile experts

Santana, Lena, and Kristin Perers. "About Fabrics." //One Piece of Fabric: 15 Projects to Make//. London: Collins & Brown, 2010. 8-9. Print.
 * this is a book about fabrics written by someone who has a lot of fashion experience

"Section 3 Transition Elements." // Florida Science. // New York, NY: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005. 118. Print.
 * this is a textbook source